乌克兰的干细胞疗法

最近, there have been changes in stem cells treatment laws in Ukraine . 今天在乌克兰, 多于 5 clinics involved in 干细胞治疗. 一般来说关于 2,000 在该领域工作的专业人员.

Specialists working with 干细胞 , developing indications and contraindications for treatment of severe acquired and genetic diseases that occur with the loss of cell mass. 此外, the clinics conducted a number of treatment conditions such as aging, 绝经, 不孕症, functional disorders of internal organs, 慢性疲劳综合症. All treatments with stem cells used in the clinics are the property and are protected by patents of Ukraine, USA and other countries.
In our work we investigated quality of stem cells therapy in Ukraine .

Stem Cells Treatment in hospitals

– is a complex therapy, including transplantation of stem cells in conjunction with the general classical treatment. Transplantation of stem cells – an introduction to the patient progenitor cells that form pools of cells responsible for specific systems and functions of the body: nervous, immune and muscular systems, hematopoiesis, blood circulation, ETC。, Transplantation of 干细胞 requires the least possible interference with the patient ( minimally invasive procedures) – the injections of cells are intravenously or subcutaneously.

Best Stem Cell clinic in Ukraine:

干细胞治疗中心

Significant results in treatment are achieved by combining different types of stem cells in view of the pathogenesis of the disease.

Sterility and safety of stem cells suspensions are guaranteed the use of international standards for testing and compliance with safety regulations when working with biological material.

Clinics in Ukraine conducts therapy with stem cells based on ethical and scientific standards.

Today only one clinic is GCP , GLP and GMP certified.

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干细胞

provide an incredible number of opportunities to improve our understanding of the functioning of the human body. One of the options under consideration is the use of autologous 干细胞疗法 . Certain interest attracted by the possibility of using stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In the coming years the volume of clinical application of stem cells for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease , 帕金森病 , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis will increase and , despite the need to comply with great care in promoting potential therapeutic approaches , before use of 干细胞 hold great promise .

介绍

Since its opening, the stem cells changed the perception of experts on the human body and revolutionized the field of medical research . 自那以后, a greater understanding of the processes of development and repair damage to the human body . Because of this we were able to expand the prospects of using stem cells in the human body . The result has been an increased interest shown in the therapeutic use of stem cells .

Interest in research related to the use of stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease , 帕金森病 , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis , in the medical environment is constantly growing. Each of these diseases affect different regions and structures of the central nervous system. The use of stem cells in the form of a protective or substitution therapy for the treatment of each of these diseases has a great potential .

干细胞

the possibilities and limitations of their use

Stem cells have been discovered in the early 60s of the last century , and the study of their characteristics and composition took a very long time. 一般来说, stem cells are defined as cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into different cell types. On the basis of the ability to differentiate stem cells can be classified as totipotent , pluripotent or multipotent . Totipotent cells can differentiate into any cell type of an organism, including in extraembryonic tissue. They can be isolated only from embryos situated at the 4- cell stage .

Isolated from the blastocyst pluripotent cells can differentiate into any cell of the body, that is capable of giving rise to cells of any of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . Multipotent cells can be transformed only in certain cell types . They can be isolated from various tissues of adult organism . With the development of his body ‘s ability to differentiate stem cells gradually decreases from totipotency to pluripotency and , ultimately , to multipotency .

By naturally occurring stem cells are mainly embryonic stem cells ( ESCs) , fetal ( fetal ) stem cells and adult stem cells . Blastocysts derived from embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and reproduce quite well in culture. 因此, they correspond to two important requirements: the possibility of obtaining a large number of cells and the ability to give rise to various types of cells . From this perspective , the embryonic stem cells are more attractive for clinical use , but their use raises a number of ethical issues and is associated with the risk of undesirable side effects such as immune response , tumor formation or a combination of both together .

Multipotent stem cells

can be isolated from fetal organs .

Traditionally, the adult stem cell is defined as the multipotent cells whose ability to differentiate defined tissue in which they are contained . The endogenous populations of adult stem cells are part of a large number of body tissues, including bone marrow , 肌肉 , brain and liver . The main advantage of these cells is the ability to use them for autologous therapy in which the cells are isolated from the patient and subsequently used for his own treatment. This eliminates any ethical issues and risks associated with the use of embryonic stem cells . 然而 , despite their apparent appeal, limited ability to differentiate does not allow adult stem cells to become a versatile therapeutic agent.

Because of the limitations associated with the use of natural variants of stem cells, researchers have developed a method of increasing pluripotency neplyuripotentnyh cells. Cells resulting from such reprogramming via specific transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc [9-12], are called induced pluripotent stem cells ( 诱导多能干细胞 ) .

Some experts argue that iPS enough for only two of these factors Induced CPM allow the use of therapeutic own reprogrammed somatic cells of the patient. 然而, the possibility of using iPS cells are also limited .

第一的, the process of creating such cells is ineffective . 所以, at the initial stage, a large amount of stem cells may cause certain difficulties.

第二, the use of viral vectors to transduce pluripotent factors is a problem of their possible integration into the genome of the cells .

最后, the iPSCs may give rise to teratomas , although this risk is lower compared to the risk associated with the use of embryonic stem cells .

Researchers have made ​​several attempts to overcome these difficulties.

The reason for the low efficiency of iPSC reprogramming may be associated with p53 – mediated DNA damage , therefore, inhibition of p53 activity can increase the yield of iPS cells , but it is associated with an increased risk of tumor formation .

Tried to solve the second problem in two ways . One of them is the use of non- viral transfection [ 18], but in this case remains a problem of low efficiency and long-term control of gene expression can be problematic . The second approach involves the use of viruses that are removed by the enzyme Cre- recombinase , or the introduction of the recombinant protein [20]. 然而, scientists still have yet to prove the functionality and safety of the resulting cells, and the development of therapies based on the use of stem cells , there may be other complications , but the future of this area is very promising .

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Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and stem cells

Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is one of the potential areas of clinical application of stem cells. Discovery of neural stem cells and the results of subsequent studies refuted previously prevailing in the neurobiology of the idea that the central nervous system of adults incapable of neurogenesis . It turned out that neurogenesis occurs throughout the life of the organism . It is believed that the neural stem cells contained in the sidewall area of ​​supraventricular ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where neurogenesis takes place .

Neural stem cells

give rise to glial progenitor cells and neuronal precursor cells . First the ability to differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes , while the second – in neurons . Another study showed that aged rats transplanted neural stem cells isolated from 9 -week fetal human ability to differentiate , and improve the cognitive function of animals . 所以, the idea of ​​using neural stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is very promising.

然而, neural stem cells are obtained which are suitable for subsequent therapeutic use is quite difficult. The results of a large number of earlier studies indicate the possibility of using a relatively easily extracted from the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( 间充质干细胞 ) for obtaining nerve cells. Today, 然而, scientists agreed that the mesenchymal stem cells are not able to differentiate into nerve cells full . The results of the earlier work the authors suggest that the mesenchymal stem cells can be dedifferentiated to cells , such iPS cells , by increasing gene expression nanog, whose expression is characteristic of embryonic stem cells. After dedifferentiation of such mesenchymal stem cells are unable to transdifferentiate into nerve cells . This indicates that the use of adult stem cells as a source of autologous cells for creating iPS cells . This technology and technique for producing iPS cells open the possibility of developing methods of autologous therapy of neurodegenerative diseases , as well as provide ease of isolation of the patient ‘s own cells . Another key factor in the development of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases with stem cells is the understanding of the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of these diseases. Each disease should be studied separately , and each therapeutic approach should be developed accordingly.

Alzheimer’s disease and stem cells

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of dementia . This disease , which are fundamental markers forming plaques in the brain of beta-amyloid peptide and neurofibrillary bands , resulting in the death of several types of neural series in many regions of the brain , especially cholinergic neurons . 1987 Public gene amyloid precursor protein is on chromosome 21 and encodes the type I transmembrane protein .

Plaques of beta- amyloid are formed as a result of cutting the amyloid precursor protein , is effected by enzymes of gamma and beta secretases between certain amino acids . Neurofibrillary strands composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein [ . Formation of these structures leads to a neuronal damage and, consequently, deterioration of cognitive function and memory loss . 然而, researchers have not yet been able to decipher the direct mechanisms of pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease .

Currently available drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer disease , such as cholinesterase inhibitors , 只允许停止疾病的症状 . 突触胆碱酯酶抑制剂释放神经递质乙酰胆碱后，减缓其降解, 这对认知功能有有益的影响 . 然而, 此类制剂仅具有中等效果 , 不同患者的严重程度可能有所不同 .

另一种可用于治疗阿尔茨海默病的药物的活性成分是 N 拮抗剂- 甲基-d- 天冬氨酸 – 美金刚 . 这可以防止 N-甲基-d 的过度刺激- 天冬氨酸 , 可能产生毒性作用 . 鉴于目前的治疗效果较弱 , 不同患者的严重程度差异很大 , 迫切需要新的治疗方法 . 根据统计推算, 经过 2029 美国. 每年都会被诊断 615,000 , 并由 2050 – 959,000 new cases of 阿尔茨海默氏病 . Such an increase in the incidence will increase the burden on the health system .

Recently Blurton-Jones et al. published a study in which they injected neural stem cells in the hippocampus, a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease and normal animals of the same age . An interesting fact is that the procedure improved the cognitive function of mice had no effect on the existing beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary strands . Instead, researchers have identified in the brains of animals increase in brain -derived neurotrophic factor , which plays an important role in the formation of new neurons and synapses , which helped to improve cognitive function by increasing the density of synapses . This demonstrates the possibility of improving the cognitive function without interfering with the existing pathological manifestations .

Despite the fact that the physiological function of the amyloid precursor protein is unclear, recently published data indicate that it may play an important role in regulating the biological functions of stem cells or adult neurogenesis. The authors found that amyloid precursor protein increases the levels of chemokines that affect cell migration . It was also shown that increased levels of amyloid precursor protein triggers differentiation of human neural stem cells into glial cells as in vitro, and in vivo. This may complicate the process of neurons regeneration by stimulating the division of neural stem cells against a high concentration of amyloid precursor protein . 而且 , high levels of amyloid precursor protein were found in patients with Down syndrome who have a lifetime developing Alzheimer disease, may deplete the endogenous population of neural stem cells due to their increased premature differentiation into glial cells . This feature of amyloid precursor protein , seems to be considered when designing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases at elevated concentrations of the protein in the brain of patients. Elevated levels of amyloid precursor protein in the brain not only reduce the size of the population of neural stem cells , which can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but also stimulate glial differentiation of transplanted stem cells , reducing the effectiveness of therapies aimed at improving cognitive function . 因此, in certain cases, prior to stem cell transplantation is advisable to reduce the level of amyloid precursor protein in brain. This confirms the results of experiments on the transplantation of neural stem cells of transgenic mice with overexpression of this protein in the brain, the concentration of which was reduced using fenserina . Neural stem cells can also have a positive effect by increasing the concentration of growth factors. In the transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease showed improvement in cognitive function due to the release of brain -derived neurotrophic factor after transplantation of neural stem cells. The ability of these cells to express a brain -derived neurotrophic factor and stimulate neurite outgrowth as demonstrated by the spinal cord injury model .

Many experimental studies demonstrate a positive neuroprotective effect hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor , erythropoietin , granulocyte -macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor , vascular endothelial growth factor , and the factor 1 -alpha derived stromal cells in ischemic stroke . In an animal model of transient ischemia demonstrated the ability of isolated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect the brain from ischemic injury or reduce their effects by releasing insulin-like growth factor -1 . Despite the promising results obtained from studies in animal models , the lack of clinical data makes it difficult to assess the effectiveness of the use of growth factors as a therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. In a clinical study of stroke patients administration of mesenchymal stem cells expressed ensured stable improvement Barthel index and the modified Rankin scale compared with patients in the control group during the observation period of 12 月 [48]. Conducted after long-term follow-up study results intravenous administration of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in patients with ischemic stroke showed very encouraging results [49]. The results obtained in the future may help in developing methods of using stem cells to improve the levels of growth factors in 阿尔茨海默氏病 .

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Cord Stem Cells Treatment

Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells which are genetically unique. Umbilical cord blood contains stem cells of blood, a very limited amount of mesenchymal cells, and immune cells. These stem cells, at modern time, are very used for the research, how to induce regeneration in various neurological disorders, such as also Down’s syndrome. Human fetal stem cell transplants are a new area.

New studies have shown that mesenchymal and CD34 stem cells from umbilical cord blood in combination with grow factor, neurotropic and antioxidant supplements, and stem cell nutrition offers the potential to increase brain tissue development and stop the production of the abnormal protein which interferes with such development.

Patients with Down syndrome had already been treated with cord driven 干细胞疗法 before the age of 15. The results concluded that there is a statistically significant improvement physical and mental characteristics. The typical features of Down syndrome become less pronounced and the immunological deficiencies are corrected, when treatment is applied earlier.

Umbilical cord stem cells hold promise for reducing some of the symptoms of Down syndrome. This is a new, exciting frontier for human umbilical cord stem cells.

Research efforts aspire to examine the role of individual genes developing Down syndrome and to determine why those individuals with this condition are particularly vulnerable to diseases like leukemia and autoimmune disease. Stem cell research in Down syndrome offers hope in detecting individual genes, which are responsible for complex conditions, such as hypertension, 糖尿病, and to create artificial chromosomes for gene therapy. There is not a specific cure for Down syndrome at present, but researchers believe that gene therapy will enhance therapeutic options for such people, in the future. A patient with Down could benefit from drugs that could help regulate proper gene expression. At the pace of present research, the future looks very hopeful.

干细胞治疗中心

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