Last updated: August 17, 2026
Stem Cell Therapy in Progressive Liver Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review
Liver fibrosis is a chronic condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of scar tissue in the liver, leading to impaired liver function and potentially life-threatening complications. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for treating liver fibrosis by harnessing the regenerative potential of stem cells. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of stem cell therapy in progressive liver fibrosis.
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is primarily caused by chronic liver injury, which can result from various etiologies such as viral infections, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune disorders. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the primary mediators of fibrosis. Upon activation, HSCs undergo a phenotypic transformation into myofibroblasts, which produce and secrete excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components, leading to the formation of fibrotic scars.
Role of Stem Cells in Liver Regeneration
Stem cells possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types. In the liver, stem cells contribute to liver regeneration and repair. Two main types of stem cells involved in liver regeneration are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hepatic stem cells (HSCs). MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and other liver cell types, while HSCs give rise to hepatocytes.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Fibrosis Treatment
MSCs have shown promise in treating liver fibrosis. They can inhibit HSC activation and proliferation, promote hepatocyte regeneration, and modulate the immune response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs can reduce fibrosis and improve liver function in animal models of liver disease. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy in patients with liver fibrosis.
Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes
Extracellular vesicles, including populations commonly described as exosomes, are being investigated as mediators of intercellular communication and paracrine activity. Their biological properties depend on the source cells, isolation method, characterization, concentration and storage conditions. Measurements expressed only as particle numbers do not provide a complete assessment of identity, purity or potency. Clinical claims should therefore be distinguished carefully from laboratory research and early-stage clinical evidence.
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